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{{Era|TS2|TS3|TS4}}'''Genetics''' are traits such as hair color, eye color, or skin tone that [[Sim]]s have, and can pass to their children. In ''[[The Sims]]'', genetics did not exist, and a [[baby]] that grew into a [[child]] received a randomly selected body and head [[Skin#The Sims|skin]]. Genetics were officially introduced in ''[[The Sims 2]]''. In [[Create a Sim]] for ''The Sims 2'', ''[[The Sims 3]]'', and ''[[The Sims 4]]'', once the player has made one male Sim and one female Sim, they can create a child for the couple that has the genetics of both parents. In ''The Sims 4'', players can also create a genetic child for Sims of the same gender.
==The Sims 2==
===Phenotypes===
<tabber>
|-|Eye colors=
;Sim eye colors
{| class="prettytable"
! Eye colors !! Phenotypes
|-
!Dominant eye colors
|[[File:TS2 Brown Eyes.png|50px|Brown eyes]] [[File:TS2 Dark Blue Eyes.png|50px|Dark Blue eyes]] [[File:TS2 Black Eyes.png|50px|Alien eyes]]
|-
!Recessive eye colors
|[[File:TS2 Green Eyes.png|50px|Green eyes]] [[File:TS2 Blue Eyes.png|50px|Light Blue eyes]] [[File:TS2 Grey Eyes.png|50px|Grey eyes]]
|}
;Pet eye colors{{Vgversion|TS2:P}}
<!-- TO DO: Determine which pet phenotypes are dominant and which are recessive, if any --->
{| class="prettytable"
! Species !! Phenotypes
|-
!Cat
|[[File:Darkblue cateye ts2.png|50px|Dark blue eyes]] [[File:Darkbrown cateye ts2.png|50px|Dark brown eyes]] [[File:Darkgreen cateye ts2.png|50px|Dark green eyes]] [[File:Gray cateye ts2.png|50px|Gray eyes]] [[File:Lightblue cateye ts2.png|50px|Light blue eyes]] [[File:Lightgreen cateye ts2.png|50px|Light green eyes]] [[File:Gold cateye ts2.png|50px|Gold eyes]] [[File:Lightbrown cateye ts2.png|50px|Light brown eyes]]
|-
!Dog
|[[File:Purple dogeye ts2.png|50px|Purple eyes]] [[File:Gray dogeye ts2.png|50px|Gray eyes]] [[File:Red dogeye ts2.png|50px|Red eyes]] [[File:Darkbrown dogeye ts2.png|50px|Dark brown eyes]] [[File:Lightblue dogeye ts2.png|50px|Light blue eyes]] [[File:Lightbrown dogeye ts2.png|50px|Light brown eyes]] [[File:Darkblue dogeye ts2.png|50px|Dark blue eyes]] [[File:Darkgreen dogeye ts2.png|50px|Dark green eyes]] [[File:Lightgreen dogeye ts2.png|50px|Light green eyes]] [[File:Gold dogeye ts2.png|50px|Gold eyes]]
|}
|-|Hair colors=
{| class="prettytable"
! Hair colors !! Phenotypes
|-
!Dominant hair colors
|[[File:TS2 Brown Hair.png|50px|Brown hair]] [[File:TS2 Black Hair.png|50px|Black hair]]
|-
!Recessive hair colors
|[[File:TS2 Blonde Hair.png|50px|Blonde hair]] [[File:TS2 Red Hair.png|50px|Red hair]]
|}
|-|Skintones=
{| class="prettytable"
! Skintones !! Phenotypes
|-
!Dominant skintones
|[[File:Skin-green.png|50px|Alien skintone]] [[File:Skin-mannequin.png|50px|Mannequin skintone]] [[File:Skin-zombie.png|50px|Zombie skintone [TS2:U]]]
|-
!Co-dominant skintones
|[[File:Skin-light.png|50px|Skintone 1]] [[File:Skin-tan.png|50px|Skintone 2]] [[File:Skin-medium.png|50px|Skintone 3]] [[File:Skin-dark.png|50px|Skintone 4]]
|}
</tabber>For eye color, hair color, and skin tone, each parent has two genes. When a baby's genetics are determined, each parent gives a randomly determined gene for eye color, hair color, and skin tone.
When viewing a Sim's DNA in [[Package editor#SimPE|SimPE]], one set of genes will be shown as dominant, and one as recessive, but this may or may not reflect whether the game treats a gene as dominant or recessive. The genes are shown as alphanumeric strings, as follows:<ref>[https://modthesims.info/showthread.php?p=4310019#post4310019 "Mod The Sims - Rebuilding a neighbourhood after corruption"]. ''modthesims.info''.</ref>
<tabber>
|-|Eye colors=
;Sim eye color genes
{| class="prettytable"
! Eye color !! Code
|-
!Brown
|32dee745-b6ce-419f-9e86-ae93802d2682
|-
!Dark Blue
|2d6839c5-0b7c-48a1-9c55-4bd9cc873b0f
|-
!Green
|51c4a750-c9f4-4cfe-801c-898efc360cb7
|-
!Light Blue
|e43f3360-3a08-4755-8b83-a0d37a6c424b
|-
!Grey
|0758508c-7111-40f9-b33b-706464626ac9
|-
!Alien
|12d4f3e1-fdbe-4fe7-ace3-46dd9ff52b51
|}
;Cat eye color genes{{Vgversion|TS2:P}}
{| class="prettytable"
! Eye color !! Code
|-
!Dark Blue
|314fb926-ee6e-4fb8-94f0-3f67e4c7443d
|-
!Dark Brown
|0625b1bc-8363-48ec-b7af-46aa6dd6273e
|-
!Dark Green
|22a77e4a-1fc7-4098-b4e0-ddd29bb38ac5
|-
!Gray
|6f35a34d-6a92-4776-b0fc-c51bcf268e95
|-
!Light Blue
|b9bf8eb8-0b7b-4051-8e14-d36f362e9108
|-
!Light Green
|8de4d9a1-c401-4893-9a6c-588ab671ac0d
|-
!Gold
|7bab7135-9927-4a19-80d3-cc408da053d4
|-
!Light Brown
|b178af36-ae7c-4930-b83b-876418e346f4
|}
;Dog eye color genes{{Vgversion|TS2:P}}
{| class="prettytable"
! Eye color !! Code
|-
!Purple
|480af2ee-5f4f-4bf5-b0ca-f615b6dee919
|-
!Gray
|b927db4c-b9e5-44e7-acde-a79bbdffde3a
|-
!Red
|c4671cb6-d305-4701-bdb8-c99d5319de3f
|-
!Dark Brown
|011d79f7-afb2-41c5-a09a-158f31dbbf70
|-
!Light Blue
|629e24da-6c86-4e4e-806d-4e55f941a043
|-
!Light Brown
|6a175725-c3db-40f3-9391-9ca193f8562f
|-
!Dark Blue
|cb37d54b-3458-4ac8-be5f-add84d129f93
|-
!Dark Green
|cf6c7824-e3e4-43ef-8542-053e59f5ae57
|-
!Light Green
|bfca3600-e5b6-41ac-944a-165453eb50fa
|-
!Gold
|f5f89e13-9de8-4f61-abb7-2c8a31757a70
|}
|-|Hair colors=
{| class="prettytable"
! Hair color !! Code
|-
!Black
|00000001-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Brown
|00000002-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Blond
|00000003-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Red
|00000004-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
!Gray
|00000005-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|}
|-|Skintones=
{| class="prettytable"
! Skintone !! Code
|-
!Light (Skintone 1)
|00000001-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Tan (Skintone 2)
|00000002-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Medium (Skintone 3)
|00000003-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Dark (Skintone 4)
|00000004-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
|-
!Alien
|6baf064a-85ad-4e37-8d81-a987e9f8da46
|-
!Mannequin
|b9a94827-7544-450c-a8f4-6f643ae89a71
|-
!Zombie {{Vgversion|TS2:U}}
|b6ee1dbc-5bb3-4146-8315-02bd64eda707
|}
</tabber>
The game considers certain eye colors and hair colors as dominant and some as recessive.<ref>Hair that is in the "custom" bin, whether Maxis-made or [[custom content]], is treated differently. See the section on [[Genetics#Custom phenotypes|custom phenotypes]].</ref> If a baby gets a dominant and recessive gene for eye color or hair color, the dominant color will always be visible. However, if the baby gets two dominant (or recessive) genes for eye color or hair color, one will be randomly selected as "dominant". That color will be visible, and that gene will show as "dominant" in SimPE. The other will be carried as a recessive and will be shown as such in SimPE. It should be noted that, while alien eyes are dominant, the alien eyes will look identical to brown ones, should the Sim not also express the alien skin tone.<ref>According to [http://www.moreawesomethanyou.com/smf/index.php?PHPSESSID=9c755f96123bff0fb549917b8bc5dc50&topic=13761.msg392568#msg392568 this post] by Pescado, the [http://www.moreawesomethanyou.com/smf/index.php/topic,1482.html creaturefixes] mod from [[More Awesome Than You]] will allow Sims without the alien skin tone to express alien eyes.</ref>
Skin tone is passed in the same way. However, if a Sim receives two genes for normal Maxis skin tones, those genes define the ends of a range in which 1 is light skin, 2 is tan, 3 is medium, and 4 is dark. Within that range, all skin tones are equally likely, and which one the baby has is determined at random. For example, a baby who gets a gene for tan skin and one for dark skin may have tan, medium, or dark skin. In SimPE, these genes will be shown as "SkintoneRange". While one will be shown as "dominant" and one as "recessive", the game itself does not treat any normal skin tone as dominant.
The [[Alien#The Sims 2|alien]] skin tone appears to be a special case. Like custom skin tones, it is outside the 1-4 range, and is generally treated as dominant, but how this is expressed depends on other conditions. The alien skin tone does not appear to be truly dominant unless one parent is homozygous for it. If neither parent is homozygous for the alien skin tone, and the baby gets both that gene and a gene for a normal Maxis skin tone, the baby may express either gene while carrying the other as a recessive. So, it's possible for the child of an alien-Sim [[hybrid]] to receive and carry the alien-skin gene while expressing a normal skin tone and then have a green-skinned child.
Additionally, for [[cat]]s and [[dog]]s created in [[Create-A-Sim#Create-A-Pet|CAS]] with hetero-chromatic (two different-colored) eyes, only the phenotype displayed in the pet's right eye will be present in their genetic code.{{Vgversion|TS2:P}}
====Custom phenotypes====
''The Sims 2'' allows the creation of custom hair, eyes, and skin tones, and many are available for download. These custom items are usually treated as dominant, and they have additional effects on genetics.
;Hair
: How custom hair behaves genetically depends on whether or not it has been placed in one of the Maxis color bins. Custom hair that has been properly "binned" as black, brown, blond, or red behaves the same as Maxis hair, though it will still have the custom-content "star" in [[Create a Sim#The Sims 2|CAS]] and [[change appearance]]. Like Maxis hair, it may be randomly assigned to a Sim when his or her genetics are determined.<ref>Players should note that some custom hair uses Maxis textures and meshes for some [[Life stages#The Sims 2|life stages]]. A Sim who receives such a style may show hair of a different color than his/her genetic color until he/she reaches a stage that uses the custom mesh and textures.</ref> Each custom hairstyle that has not been "binned" has its own genetic code. A Sim who inherits a custom-hair gene from a parent of the same gender will receive that style.<ref name="rikul">[http://rikkulidea.livejournal.com/22152.html "E's y Science kaheic kenm - The Ultimate Sims Genetics Tutorial! Chapter 2"]. ''livejournal.com''.</ref> However, a Sim will not have custom-hair genetics unless he/she inherited them, or was given hair from the Custom bin when created in CAS, as Change Appearance does not change genetics.
;Eyes
: Eye dominance is on a scale of 0 to 4. Maxis-dominant is at 1, and Maxis-recessive is at 2; values greater than 2 are usable but unused. By default, custom eyes are at 0, which makes them "super-dominant" overall Maxis eyes. However, some content creators may "geneticize" eyes by editing this value.<ref>[http://rikkulidea.livejournal.com/22954.html "E's y Science kaheic kenm - The Ultimate Sims Genetics Tutorial! Chapter 5"]. ''livejournal.com''.</ref>
;Skintones
: By default, custom skin tones are outside the normal range of skin tones. Receiving a gene for a custom skin tone, or for the alien skin tone or the hidden [[Mannequin (skin tone)|mannequin]] skin tone, changes the way skin tones are handled. If a Sim receives a gene for a custom skin tone, the skin tone range is ignored, and the skin tone is treated as a dominant/recessive trait. Custom skin tones are dominant,<ref name="rikul" /> but how this is expressed in-game may depend on whether the parent who passed the custom-skin gene was homozygous for that tone.{{confirm}}
: Some content creators may "geneticize" custom skin tones. This is done by editing a skin tone's genetic value so that it falls within the normal Maxis range of 0.01 to 0.99. When determining a baby's skin tone, "geneticized" custom tones are treated the same as Maxis tones. Since the S1, S2, S3, and S4 tones have genetic values of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9, it is possible to have "geneticized" skin tones that fall between two Maxis skin tones. So, for example, if a custom skin tone that's "geneticized" with a value of 0.45 is installed, a baby born to parents with the Maxis S2 and S3 skin tones may have that skin tone.<ref>[http://rikkulidea.livejournal.com/23079.html "E's y Science kaheic kenm - The Ultimate Sims Genetics Tutorial! Chapter 6"]. ''livejournal.com''.</ref>
===Personality===
Genetics in ''[[The Sims 2]]'' can also determine the [[personality]] of a Sim. If both of the parents of a child each have four nice points, for example, it is likely that the child will also have four nice points. However, this isn't always the case; two shy Sims most certainly can have an outgoing child and vice versa. The point assignment comes from the mother, father, or completely at random.
A born-in-game Sim can have between 25 and 35 personality points, whereas a Create-A-Sim Sim can only have 25. Personality points are assigned to each trait in random order. If the number of points at any time reaches 35, then every trait being set thereafter will have no points in it. On the other hand, if, after setting all five traits, the point total is less than 25, then points will randomly be assigned to any traits with low numbers until the point total equals 25.
Spawned [[PlantSim]]s will always have the same personality as their parent, though they will have different [[zodiac sign]]s.
===Facial features===
Facial features are also genetically reproduced from parent to child in the game. For example, if a parent has large eyes, the child may have the same large eyes. Facial features do not, however, cancel each other out - for example, if one parent had a large nose and the other parent had a small nose, the child will not automatically have a medium-sized nose - they will have either the large nose or the small nose.
===Errors===
====Broken Maxis templates====
Two of the default [[Create a Sim#Step 3: Hair & Face|CAS]] face templates, the 21st and 25th, are not linked correctly to other ages. Instead, they are linked to the 2nd template. Sims created using these templates can pass this "brokenness" on to their descendants.<ref>[http://meetme2theriver.livejournal.com/44396.html "Oh My God It's Full Of Sims! - Borked Face Templates and Pre-Made Sims (and how to fix them!)"]. ''livejournal.com''.</ref><ref>Unlike the default versions of the 21st and 25th adult templates which are always linked the 2nd template for other ages, there are alternate versions of the 25th template which exist in the CAS Sim bin that are linked to different face templates for other ages. A version of the 25th template is used by an adult female with light skin from the CAS Sim bin which is linked to the 26th template for other ages. Another version of the 25th template is used by an adult male with light skin from the CAS Sim bin, which is linked to the 23rd template.</ref><ref>The alien face template can not be accessed in normal Create a Sim, but there is a [http://www.moreawesomethanyou.com/smf/index.php/topic,9028.0.html mod] that will make it accessible.</ref><ref>The elder versions of the face templates are slightly different from the adult versions, though there is more than just a slight difference between the adult and elder female versions of the 2nd face. There's a [https://modthesims.info/d/302361 mod] that replaces the default 2nd face template for elder females, with the adult female version. However this mod does not change the faces of elder females already born in game.</ref><ref>The hidden alien face template also has a difference between some life stages. The alien ears resemble the ones from the 4th template, when used on toddlers, and male teens.</ref> There's a [http://www.moreawesomethanyou.com/smf/index.php/topic,9028.0.html mod] that can fix this, but it will not affect existing Sims who use those templates.
====First born effect====
{{Main|First-Born Syndrome}}
''The Sims 2'' is subject to what is known as the "first born effect"/ "first born syndrome"<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzk-EyPeQOo</ref>, in which all single children born in a family have the same genetics. This happens because the randomizer which affects Sim genetics always starts at the same point each time the game is started. The "first born effect" can be mitigated during a game session by going into CAS and clicking on the "Randomize" button several times, as this seems to "shake up" the randomizer. It is not necessary to save the random Sims that are generated. The Lot Debugger, or "Batbox", available from [[More Awesome Than You]], has a feature that essentially automates this process.<ref>See [[Game guide:FFS Lot Debugger options#Rerandomize Sim Generator]].</ref>
===Notes===
Sims created in [[Create a Sim#The Sims 2|Create a Sim]] will have homogeneous genes, unless they were created with "Make a Child". Sims generated by the game, such as replacement [[Townie#The Sims 2|townies]] and generated [[Adoption|adoptees]] also have homogeneous genes. Pre-made townies and [[Non-playable character#The Sims 2|NPCs]] may or may not have homogeneous genes, and often have visible characteristics, such as hair color, that is different from their genetics.
"Make a Child" will only mix the genetics of two adult Sims. While elder males can [[Pregnancy|impregnate]] adult females in-game, "Make a Child" does not recognize this.
The grey hair bin used by [[Elder#The Sims 2|elders]] is not a genetic bin. It does have a bin code, <code>00000005-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</code>, but that code is not used in Sim DNA.
==The Sims 3==
===Physical characteristics===
Genetics in ''[[The Sims 3]]'' are much more simplified. There are no dominant and recessive genes, and the game simply combines features of the parents, pulling occasionally from earlier generations such as grandparents. There is a very high mutation (i.e. two dark-haired parents having a child with blonde hair, even though nobody in their family has that hair color) rate of 10%, which can be lowered to a more reasonable rate using [[mod]]s.
Skin tones are blended by ''The Sims 3'' genetics. For example, a Sim with light green skin and another with dark blue can still have a child with dark green or light blue skin, as the light or dark and hue are handed down separately.
===Inheritable traits===
Sims may pass on traits when traits are randomly determined.<ref>The Sims 3 Game Guide, Page 20</ref>
Sims can also inherit [[hidden traits]] from their parents; there is a 50% chance of passing one of these traits on if one of the parents has one.
==The Sims 4==
===Physical characteristics===
''The Sims 4'' shows a wide variety of mixed features. The children tend to come out with features ranging from exactly like the one parent to an in-between mix. It appears that there are no recessive genes in ''The Sims 4'' that are passed down. This makes it impossible to inherit a gene from a grandparent or any other ancestor unless one of the parents displays the trait.
===Skin tone===
In ''The Sims 4'', skin color is usually a mix of the parents. If one parent has a dark skin tone and the other has a light skin tone, the offspring will almost always end up in the middle; in such a case of a light-skinned parent and a dark-skinned parent, it is very rare for the child to have the exact same skin tone as either parent. If one parent has an unnatural skin tone such as blue or green, their offspring will always have either one parent's skin tone or the other's.
===Hair===
Hair color tends to come out as one of the parents. If one parent has brown hair and the other blonde, the offspring will have a 50% chance of having either. When a Sim with an unnatural hair color such as blue or pink has a child with a Sim that has a natural hair color, the hair color of the child may not be the same as either of the parents. The same applies to hair texture; however, if a Sim inherits their hair texture from one parent, they will also inherit its hair color as well. For example, if one parent has straight blonde hair, and the other parent has afro-textured black hair, the offspring can only either have straight blonde hair, or afro-textured black hair.
===Eyes===
Eye color usually comes out as one of the parents, but the five eye colors added in [[The Sims 4/Patch 5|Patch 5]] seem to be a special case. All of them share a flag value with one of the eye colors from the unpatched game; olive green hazel shares the same value as light green, dark blue hazel shares the same value as blue hazel, dark blue shares the same value as grey, grey-brown hazel shares the same value as light brown, and purple shares the same value as amber. Because of this, if one parent has dark blue eyes, for example, if their offspring inherits that parent's eye color, it has a 50% chance of having grey eyes, even if no one else in their family has grey eyes.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Genetics02-1-.jpg|The genetics of two adult Sims in ''The Sims 2''.
Genetics01-1-.jpg|An example of genetics in ''The Sims 2''.
Play with Genetics.png|An example of the "Play with Genetics" feature in ''The Sims 3''.
12-15-16_1-30-35 AM.png|An example of genetics in ''The Sims 4''.
</gallery>
==References==
<references />[[fr:Génétique]]
[[pt-br:Genética]]
[[ru:Генетика]]
[[Category:Simology]]
[[Category:The Sims 3]]
[[Category:The Sims 2]]
[[Category:The Sims 4]]
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